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[Music]

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greenland

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a massive ice-covered island in the

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northern arctic a land of pristine

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waters enormous glaciers and ancient

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geology

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and for some the site of a hotly

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contested claim of the oldest signs of

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microbial life on earth

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meet dr abigail allwood astrobiologist

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at the nasa jet propulsion laboratory dr

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allwood is here in greenland to

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investigate recently published findings

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of possible stromatolites or microbial

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fossils dating back to 3.7 billion years

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ago

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[Music]

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it's always when i go and see some rocks

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and outcrops in the flesh

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it's so much

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so so much more eye opening and

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informative than it is to read about

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them in papers and absolutely the case

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with this one when i came to see them

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after that paper was published i very

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much doubted that interpretation and i

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thought well we need to do two things we

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need to put a paper out and secondly we

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need to do a workshop and bring a lot of

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people out here to

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also

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see what their opinion is be some sort

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of a consensus on

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extraordinary claims require

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extraordinary evidence and a finding

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like this requires further investigation

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dr allwood has gathered a team of

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astrobiologists and will now travel by

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helicopter into the wilderness of the

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[Music]

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so we're out here to study an outcrop

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that there is some controversy over

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there is a group of authors that has

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made a claim that there are uh uh

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biosignatures in the form of

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stromatolites in these rocks and there's

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another group of authors uh i happen to

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be one of that other group of authors uh

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that has refuted that claim so we're out

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here in greenland to study those

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outcrops in more detail and to try to

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get a sense of the

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geology that surrounds those potentially

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stromatolite bearing outcrops and try to

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get a sense for what the ancient

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environment looked like at the time that

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those rocks were forming the claim was

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such a big deal

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because if it proves to be true

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then this pushes back the earliest signs

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of life in earth's geological record by

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a couple of hundred million years

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it means that the window of opportunity

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for life to emerge doesn't have to be

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very big you know literally as the last

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bombardment is occurring that you can

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say that

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life can take hold at least our one

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example we have that life took hold go

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to mars it means that only it only also

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had to

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maintain its conditions it's sort of

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cradle of life it's you know it's

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opportunity for life to emerge for that

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short period of time it didn't have to

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sort of maintain it for a couple hundred

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million years longer

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and when you go back to those very old

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rocks they're usually altered and

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deformed and it's very difficult to find

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those signs of life but those are also

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the most interesting rocks to look at

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because we don't know when life

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originated on earth and we don't know

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what that earliest life was like

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so

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the record that we have from geology

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is in these rocks that are very

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difficult to interpret sorting out

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sampling here in greenland is

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you know it's not all that different

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from sampling anywhere else geologists

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tools are

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kind of the same no matter where you go

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you need a hammer a chisel a little you

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know hand lens to look at the rocks up

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close field notebook camera and you know

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you record your observations and when

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you think you've zeroed in on a piece of

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rock that might be worth taking back to

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the lab you get your trusty rock hammer

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out and just start banging away until

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the

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when we're looking at rocks trying to

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understand if they preserve evidence of

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life

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we look for things in the rock that

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cannot form without the influence of

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life they can change the chemistry and

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they can actually change the shape of

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the ground and they can make things like

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peaks and domes that are sometimes

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unique to the biology

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again i think here what you need to do

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is look at the context of the rocks

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around those stromatolites and try to

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get a sense for what that geology is

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telling you

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this is our sample here it came from the

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output

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that you sort of cut and polish the face

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there

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and if if it was really a cone-shaped

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structure

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then

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you shouldn't see it

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on the back of the sample you shouldn't

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see it in the back of the hole there

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that's about 14 centimeters depth hole

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and you're still seeing the structure

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there yeah

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so it's not a cone it's a it's a ridge

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if you can sort of reconstruct that in

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your mind i've got to prove the uh the

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three-dimensional morphology absolutely

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have to prove it's the same story you

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can see

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the uh the structure at the back of the

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hole there it's

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maybe 15 centimeters or so

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it was present at the front that's

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present at the back so it it's at least

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that distance

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in length

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it's not a kind shape at all

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a lot of times when you're looking for

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something that's related to earth

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history i i think of it as being

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like i'm a detective and i'm looking for

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clues but the thing is that the rocks

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that are not very good at preserving

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clues and my job as a geologist is to

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take those little bits of information

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and see if i can make a story about what

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happened in the rocks part of making

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that story though is understanding the

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uncertainty the story is never complete

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because you're always missing a lot of

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the clues because the clues have just

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been lost through time

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after investigating the site thoroughly

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the team concludes that there is

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insufficient evidence of life in these

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structures

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however there is still much to learn

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from the geology in this environment

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the rocks that we're looking at here in

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greenland are

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similar if not identical in age to the

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rocks that we're going to be exploring

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with the mars 2020 rover we'd like to

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think that we can use the

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lessons that we take from studying the

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earth's geological record and apply them

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when we start exploring the geology of

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mars

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one of the really interesting things

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about searching for life on other worlds

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is as a scientist i have to actually

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when i'm looking for life anywhere i

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have to actually have a model of what

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i'm looking for to help guide my

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observations and so by looking at these

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places that are very difficult to

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interpret on earth we get that practice

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and experience of how do we look at

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something and what are the questions

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that we need to ask and what are the

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observations we need to take to be able

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to answer them any claim that is made

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about a biosignature on mars is going to

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be

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debated

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so i think that this workshop gives us

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an opportunity to

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exercise our ability to have civil

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disagreements over uh matters of

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scientific importance because i think

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we're going to be doing

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much of that

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you know with the data that comes back

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from mars as well

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i think seeing the rocks in the fish is

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just so important you can't do that for

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many people so uh i think the next best

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thing is to try and recreate that in a

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virtual terrain sort of field trip

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company that's what we're trying to do

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so onsite is an application that we

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developed for the mars science

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laboratory mission to help the science

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team that works with the mars rover

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understand the context of the

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environment around the rover and it

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provides

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scientists the ability

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to

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basically meet on mars so it's taking

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martian data down from the the rover and

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using photogrammetry to stitch it

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together to create a 3d model of the

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outcrop and then scientists involved in

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the mission

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and engineers as well are able to use

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that 3d model enter the terrain and make

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decisions with a much better

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understanding of the context we're also

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using lidar imagery out here which is

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something not available on on mars so

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that's using a laser scanner to

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basically three-dimensionally scan

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outcrops and get uh

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higher fidelity data so that we can get

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some very accurate information yeah so

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this this is the the map of the primary

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outcrops and the laser scans this is the

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a outcrop here

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this is this this is the there's the

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flag there's the cutting block and the

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other cuts

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now on mars it's it's a different

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scenario because we're limited to the

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the instruments on board the rover uh

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the rover doesn't have lidar it'd be

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great if it did so all we have are the

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2d images to work with and 3d

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reconstruction from 2d images has been

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part of the mars missions

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all the way back to pathfinder in the

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late 90s but it's it's always been on a

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per image basis from one rover position

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so one of the innovations of

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in onsite is we started combining rover

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imagery from multiple rover positions so

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if the rover's parked next to a rock and

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the next day you drive around the rock

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you can take imagery from those two

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positions and get a more complete model

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of that rock than from any one one

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position

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on its own

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and the holy grail of this is to take

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all of the rover drives from landing to

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the current position register them all

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together so you could walk from the

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landing site to the current rover

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position seeing high quality 3d imagery

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all the way so onsite was started in the

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context of the mars river missions but

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the capability that that onsite and

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tools like it provide is really it's a

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virtual presence and situational

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awareness in an environment that's hard

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to visit mars is an extreme example of

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that but where we are today and in

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western greenland is not quite as hard

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to visit as mars but it's certainly not

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easy you can imagine geologists going

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into the field to these remote locations

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and bringing back not only their written

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field notes and photos but a 3d capture

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of the the environment that becomes kind

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of an immersive field notebook that they

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can revisit they can share with their

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colleagues and with the public and help

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to communicate

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what that environment is like in a way

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that's that's really hard to get without

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actually being there in the field so i

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don't think this technology ever really

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replaces a human in the field

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whether or not humans will go to mars is

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is uh you know not my expertise

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but if and when humans do go to mars

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only if the select few will

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go to mars but with this kind of

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technology they can bring along experts

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from earth to extend their knowledge and

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share that experience with the public so

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the whole world gets to go along you

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know for the ride

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[Music]

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so i've never been here before and the

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landscape in this environment is just i

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i could see that my mind has been blown

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being out here for a couple of days i

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mean the

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the scale of the glaciers the the the

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complete lack of vegetation in this area

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uh other than sort of you know lichens

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and moss it's just a it's kind of an

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otherworldly place

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it's really starkly beautiful i think in

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terms of why anybody should care about

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these rocks i mean they are

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they are the record of

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some of the

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oldest processes occurring on our planet

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i mean there are very few places that

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preserve rocks this old and so so

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they're really uh a precious resource

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for geologists to understand what was

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going on uh on the earth you know

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close to you know in its in its infancy

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uh so it's an important and special

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place i will gain a huge insight into

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these particular rocks but it will also

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increase my understanding of of how you

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actually demonstrate that something is

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or isn't a biosignature that i will

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apply in all my other work

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it's the ability to

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minimize the ambiguity before it even

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gets to the publication minimise the

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ambiguity and minimise the bias when it

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gets out into the press it's going to be

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that much more considered that much more

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robust i think that's what's the best